初中英语语法知识点总结(实用5篇)
初中英语语法知识点总结(1)
I.要点
表示说的话不是事实,或者是不可能发生的情况,而是一种愿望、建议或与事实相反的假设等。一般常用于正式的书面语中。
1、虚拟语气的构成
如:与现在事实相反
If I had more time, I should study German.(fact:I have no more time, so I shall not study German. )
If she were not so busy, she would attend the meeting this afternoon.(fact:she is very busy, so she will not attend the meeting this afternoon.)
If they didn’t take physical exercises every day, they wouldn’t be so healthy.(fact: they take physical exercises every day, so they are very healthy.)
与过去事实相反:
I would have checked my paper again if I had had more time at yesterday’s examination.(fact:I had no more time at yesterday’s exam, so I didn’t check my paper again)
You would have already recovered from his illness if he had seen the doctor in good time.(fact: He didn’t see the doctor in good time ,so he hasn’t recovered from his illness )
与将来事实相反:
If it rains tomorrow, our picnic will be put off.(The weather has been changeable these days.)
If it rained tomorrow, our picnic would be put off.( The weather has beenvery good these days.)
If it should rain tomorrow, our picnic would be put off.(That would be out of our expectation.)
If it were to rain tomorrow, our picnic would be put off. (条件从句谓语动词用were to +动词原形,表示下雨的可能性极小。Were to rain和should rain都表示“出乎意料之外”,但were to加强表示“当初没想到以后的事”)
注:
(1)如果条件从句谓语动词包含有were或had, should, could有时可将if省去,但要倒装。如:
Had you (If you had) invited us, we would have come to your party.
(2)混合时间条件句的用法:
有时条件从句的动作和主句动作发生的时间不一致。这时动词的形式,应根据它所要表达的具体时间来决定用什么形式。
1) If she hadn’t trained so hard, she wouldn’t be run so fast.(从句叙述过去,主句叙述现在。)
(fact: she has trained very hard, so she would able to run fast.)
2)You would speak English well enough if you had practised reading and speaking it every day.(主句叙述现在,从句叙述过去)
(fact: You didn’t practice (hasn’t practiced ) reading and speaking it every day, so you can’t speak English well enough.)
(3)在其他状语从句中的用法
主要用于由as if (as though)引导的比较状语从句,从句中谓语动词一般用“动词的过去式(be变were )或had +过去分词。”如:
She looked as if she were ill.(实际上她没有病,在这里用虚拟语气补语比喻她精神不佳)
Xiao Liu speaks English so well as if he had studied in England.(这里用虚拟语气表现他的英语说得好)
2、虚拟语气在各种从句的`应用
(1)在主语从句中用来表示惊奇、惋惜、理应如此等,其谓语形式是"should(可省) +动词原形",常用于以下三种句型中。
句型一:It is necessary (important, natural, strange, etc) that…
句型二:It is a pity (a shame, no wonder, etc) that…
句型三:It is suggested (requested, proposed, desired, etc) that…
如:It is strange that he (should) have done that.
It is a pity that he (should) be so careless.
It is requested that we (should) be so careless.
(2)在宾语从句中用于suggest, propose, move, insist, desire, demand, request, order, command等动词后的宾语从句中,表间接的命令和建议。其谓语形式是"(should)+动词原形"。如:
I suggest that we (should) go swimming.
(3)在表语从句中,表示间接的命令,要求、请求、建议、决定等,主句中的主语通常是suggestion, proposal, request, orders, idea等。从句谓语形式是"(should)+动词原形"。如:
His suggestion is that we (should) leave at once.
(4)在同位语从句中,谓语形式是"(should)+动词原形"。如:
We received order that the work be done at once.
(5)在It is time that…句型中,其谓语动词形式是"动词的过去式"或"should +动词原形",should不可省。如:
It's time (that) we went ( should go) to school.
初中英语语法知识点总结(2)
I.要点
1、连词的种类
(1)并列连词用来连接并列关系的词、短语或分句,如and, for, or, both…and, either…or, neither…nor等。
(2)从属连词用来引导从句,如that, if, whether, when, after, as soon as等。
除了从属连词(引导状语从句)外,还有其它可以用来引导从句的词类。它们是连接代词和连接副词(引导名词性从句),关系代词和关系副词(引导定语从句)。
2、常用连词举例
(1) and和,并且
They drank and sang all night.
(2) both…and和,既…也…
Both my parents and I went there.
(3) but但是,而
I'm sad, but he is happy.
(4) either…or或…或…,要么…要么…
Either you're wrong, or I am.
(5) for因为
I asked him to stay, for I had something to tell him.
(6) however然而,可是
At first, he didn't want to go there. Later, however, he decided to go.
(7) neither…nor既不…也不
Neither my parents nor my aunt agrees with you.
(8) not only…but(also)不但…而且…
He not only sings well, but also dances well.
(9) or或者,否则
Hurry up, or you'll be late.
Are you a worker or a doctor?
(10) so因此,所以
It's getting late, so I must go.
(11) although虽然
Although it was late, they went on working.
(12) as soon as一…就
I'll tell him as soon as I see him.
(13) because因为
He didn't go to school, because he was ill.
(14) unless除非,如果不
I won't go unless it is fine tomorrow.
(15) until直到…
He didn't leave until eleven. (瞬间动词用于not… until结构)
He stayed there until eleven.
(16) while当…时候,而(表示对比)
While I stayed there, I met a friend of mine. (while后不可用瞬间动词)
My pen is red while his is blue.
(17) for因为
He was ill, for he didn't come. (结论是推断出来的)
(18) since自从…
I have lived here since my uncle left.
(19) hardly… when一…就
I had hardly got to the station when the train left.
(20) as far as就…来说
As far as I know, that country is very small.
You may walk as far as the lake. (一直走到湖那里)
初中英语语法知识点总结(3)
一. 定语从句的概念
在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词,引导定语从句的词叫关系词,定语从句一般放在先行词的后面。
二. 引导定语从句的关系词
引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词和关系副词,常见的关系代词包括that, which, who(宾格whom,所有格whose)等,关系副词包括where, when, why等。关系代词和关系副词放在先行词及定语从句之间起连接作用,同时又作定语从句的重要成分。
三. 定语从句的分类
根据定语从句与先行词的关系,定语从句可分为限制性定语从句及非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句紧跟先行词,主句与从句不用逗号分开,从句不可省去。非限制性定语从句与主句之间有逗号分开,起补充说明作用,如省去,意思仍完整。
四. 关系代词的用法
that 既可以用于指人,也可以用于指物。在从句中作主语、宾语或表语。作主语时不可省略,作宾语可省略。例如:
Mary likes music that is quiet and
玛丽喜欢轻柔的音乐。(that作主语)
The coat (that) I put on the desk is
我放在桌子上的那件外套是蓝色的。(that作宾语)
用于指物,在句中作主语、宾语或表语。作主语不可省略,作宾语可省略。例如:
The building which stands near the train station is a
位于火车站附近的那座大楼是一家超市。(作主语)
The film (which) we saw last night was
我们昨天晚上看的那部电影很好看。(作宾语)
, whom用于指人,who 用作主语,whom用作宾语。在口语中,有时可用who代替whom。who和whom作宾语时也可省略。例如:
The girl who often helps me with my English is from
经常在英语方面帮助我的那个女孩是英国人。(作主语)
Who is the teacher (whom) Li Ming is talking to?
正在与李明谈话的老师是谁?(作宾语)
注意:
(1)当定语从句中含有介词,介词放在句末时,who,whom,that, which可省略,但介词在关系代词前时,只能用“介词+which/whom”结构。例如:
This is the house in which we lived last
这是我们去年居住的房子。
Please tell me from whom you borrowed the English 请告诉我你从谁那借的这本英文小说。
(2)含有介词的固定动词词组中,介词不可前置,只能放在原来的位置上。例如:
This is the person whom you are looking
这就是你要找的那个人。
(3)that 作介词的宾语时,介词不能放它的前面,只能放在从句中动词的后面。例如:
The city that she lives in is very far
她居住的城市非常远。
(4)关系词只能用that的情况:
先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰,或本身是序数词、基数词、形容词最高级时,只能用that,而不用例如:
He was the first person that passed the
他是第一个通过考试的人。
被修饰的先行词为all, any, much, many, everything, anything, none, the one等不定代词指物时,只能用that,而不用例如:
Is there anything that you want to buy in the shop?
你在商店里有什么东西要买吗?
先行词被the only, the very, the same, the last, little, few 等词修饰时,只能用that,而不用例如:
This is the same bike that I
这就是我丢的那辆自行车。
先行词里同时含有人或物时,只能用that, 而不用例如:
I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the
我能清楚记得我在那个房间所见到的人和一些照片。
以who或which引导的特殊疑问句,为避免重复,只能用例如:
Who is the girl that is crying?
正在哭泣的那个女孩是谁?
主句是there be 结构,修饰主语的定语从句用that,而不用which,例如:
There is a book on the desk that belongs to
桌子上那本书是汤姆的。
(5)关系词只能用which,而不用that 的情况:
先行词为that, those时,用which, 而不用例如:
What’s that which is under the desk?
在桌子底下的那些东西是什么?
关系代词前有介词时,which,而不用例如:
This is the room in which he
这是他居住的房间。
引导非限制性定语从句,先行词指事物时,用which, 而不用that,例如:
Tom came back, which made us
汤姆回来了,这使我们很高兴。
五. 关系副词的用法
when指时间,其先行词表示时间,when在定语从句中作时间状语。例如:
This was the time when he
这是他到达的时间。
where指地点,其先行词表示地点,where在定语从句中作地点状语。例如:
This is place where he
这是他工作的地点。
why 指原因,其先行词是原因,why在定语从句中做原因状语。例如:
Nobody knows the reason why he is often late for
没人知道他为什么上学总迟到。
八.时间、条件、原因状语从句
状语从句指在句子中用作状语的从句。根据其作用可分为时间、地点、原因、条件、目的、结果、让步、方式和比较等九种状语从句。
初中阶段,我们学习的状语从句主要有时间状语从句、条件状语从句和原因状语从句,今天我们就来学习以下这三种状语从句。
一. 时间状语从句
主要连词:when、while、as、as soon as(一就)、before、after、since等。
【注意1】时间状语从句要符合“主将从现”的原则:即主句用一般将来时,从句用一般现在时。例如:
I will call you as soon as I arrive in
我一到北京就给你打电话。
I will give you a call when I arrive at
我到伦敦后会给你打电话。
【注意2】since 的用法: since引导的时间状语从句必须是一般过去时,其主句必须时现在完成时。例如:
Since I came to Beijing, I have lived
自从我来到北京,我一直住在这里。
【注意3】while 引导的时间状语从句中,谓语动词必须时持续的; when 引导的时间状语从句中,谓语动词可以持续也可以不持续。例如:
While I was away last summer, my dog was taken good care
我去年夏天离开的那段日子里,我的狗被照顾的很好。
When I lived in that small village,I often went to play in the
当我住在那个小山村的时候,我经常去地里玩耍。
When the film ended,all the people began to go out of the
电影结束后,所有的人都开始走出电影院。
二. 条件状语从句
主要连词:if, unless(除非), as long as(只要)等。
【注意】条件状语从句要符合“主将从现”的原则:即主句用一般将来时,从句用一般现在时。例如:
If it is fine tomorrow,we will have a picnic
如果明天天气好,我们会在户外野餐。
Unless you work hard, you won't (=If you don't work hard, you won't )
除非你努力工作,否则你不会取得成功。
As long as you go, I will
只要你去,我就会去。
三. 原因状语从句
主要连词:because, as(由于), since(因为,既然)等。
【注意】because 引导的原因是未知的原因,as和since引导的原因是已知的原因。例如:
I didn't go to school because I was
因为我病了,所以没有去上学。
As it is raining heavily, we won't go to the
由于雨下得很大,我们就不去公园了。
Since everyone is here, let's begin our
既然大家都到了,让我们开始我们的会议吧。
初中英语语法知识点总结(4)
情态动词有具体的词义,但也同助动词一样,需要与动词原形一起构成句子的谓语,另外情态动词没有人称和数的变化,情态动词后必须跟动词原形。
(一) 10个最重要情态动词的用法
can
⑴ 表示能力,一般译为“能、会”,尤其指生来具备的能力。
She can swim fast, but I can’t .
她会游泳,但我不会。
⑵ 表示许可,常在口语中。
You can use my
你可以使用我的词典。
⑶ 表示推测,意为“可能”,常用于否定句和疑问句中,此时can’t译为“不可能”。
Can the news be true?
这个消息可能是真的吗?
It can’t be our He is on a visit to the Great
不可能是我们老师。他正在参观长城呢。
could
⑴ can的过去式,意为“能、会”,表示过去的能力。
He could write poems when he was
他十岁的时候就会写诗。
⑵ could在疑问句中,表示委婉请求的语气,此时could没有过去式的意思。
Could you do me a favour?
你可以帮我一个忙吗?
—Could I use your pen? 我可以使用你的钢笔吗?
—Yes, you (注意回答)可以。
may
⑴ 表示请求、许可,比can正式,
May I borrow your bike?
我可以借用你的自行车吗?
You may go home
你现在可以回家了。
⑵ 表示推测,谈论可能性,意为“可能,或许”,一般用于肯定句中。
It may rain tomorrow .
明天可能会下雨。
⑶ may的过去式为 might。might 也可以表示可能性低于may(此时might没有过去式的意思)。
He is away from He might be
他离开学校了。也许是病了。
⑷ 表示希望、祈求、祝愿,常可译为“祝愿”。通常是用may +主+V
May you have a good time!
祝你玩的愉快!
May you be happy!
祝你快乐!
May you succeed!
祝你成功!
must
⑴ must 表示主观看法,意为“必须”。
You must stay here until I come
你必须待在这里,直到我回来。
Must I hand in my homework right now?
我现在必须要交作业吗?
⑵ 对must引导的疑问句,肯定回答为must,否定回答为needn’t 或don’t have to .
—Must I finish my homework? 我必须完成作业吗?
—No, you needn’ 不,你不必。
⑶ must也可以表示有把握的推测,意为“ 一定,肯定”,用于肯定句。
The light is on, so he must be at home
灯开着,所以他现在一定在家。
⑷ 其否定形式mustn’t表示“禁止,不许”。
You mustn’t play with
你不许玩火。
You mustn’t be
你不许迟到。
注意:其反意问句的构成形式:
当must表示肯定的判断、推测时,其反意疑问句要用实际问句的助动词来构成。
She must have seen the film before,hasn’t she?(注意反意疑问句的后半部分)
她之前一定看过这部电影,难道没有吗?
You must have met uncle Wang in the shop yesterday,didn’t you? (注意反意疑问句的后半部分)
你昨天一定在商店见到王叔叔了,难道没有吗?
need
⑴ need表示需要,主要用于否定句和疑问句中,其否定形式为needn’t,意为“不必”。
用need提问时,肯定回答为must,否定回答为needn’t或don’t have to。
—Need I stay here any longer? 我需要待在这里吗?
—Yes, you must . 是的,你必须。
— you needn’t /don’t have 不,你不必。
(2) need还可以作实义动词,此时有人称、数和时态的变化,如果是人作主语后边多接动词不定式。
I need to do it right
我需要现在做这件事。
注意:如果是物作主语,一般用need doing与need to be done,这种情况下应注意两点:
① 主动形式的动名词doing具有被动的含义;
② 该动名词可以改为其动词不定式的被动形式而句子的意义不变。
The door needs = The door needs to be
门需要被油漆。
dare
dare意为“敢、敢于”,用法近似于need,有两种词性:
⑴ dare作为情态动词,多用于否定句、疑问句或条件句中,无第三人称单数形式,只有一般现在时和一般过去时。
Dare he tell them what he knows?
他敢告诉他们他知道的事情吗?
I daren’t ask Will you do it for me?
我不敢问她。你可以为我问吗?
⑵ dare作为实义动词,此时有人称、数及时态的变化。
He doesn’t dare to break his
他不敢违背承诺。
注意:口语中,dare的各种形式常与不带to的不定式连用。
Do you dare tell her what I said?
你敢告诉她我说的话吗?
shall
shall表示征求对方意见(多用于第一、三人称)
Shall we go out for a walk?
我们出去散步好吗?
Shall the driver wait outside?
司机在外面等好吗?
should
⑴ should 意为“应该”,可表示劝告、建议、义务、责任等。
We should protect the
我们应该保护环境。
⑵ Should have done 意为”本应该做某事而没做“,表示对过去动作的责备、批评。
You should have finished your
你本应该完成作业的。(实际上没有)
will
will 表示意愿、意志、打算,可用于多种人称。
I will help you if I’m free this
如果下午有空,我会帮你的。
had better
had better 意为“最好”,没有人称的变化,后面接不带to的不定式,其否定形式为:had better not。
We had better go
你最好现在去。
(二)情态动词的被动语态
含有情态动词的被动语态的结构为:情态动词+ be + done (动词的过去分词)。做题时要兼顾情态动词和被动语态这两个方面。
三. 情态动词表示推测的用法
can表示对具体事物的推测时一般用于否定句或疑问句。
That man can't be her She is still
那个人一定不是她丈夫。她还是单身。
注意:can 表推测用于肯定句时,不能指对具体事物的推测,而是表示事物的属性特征。
The British people can talk about weather when they
英国人见面的时候可能会谈论天气。
must表示肯定的推测,一般用于肯定句中。
He must be in his office
他现在一定在办公室里。
might表示推测时不一定是may的过去式,只是表示其可能性较小。
The man may be the
这个人可能是校长。
could表示推测时,语气can比较弱。
—Could it be an animal? 它可能是一只动物吗?
—It could not be,because it is not 不可能,因为它没有移动。
should表示推测的可能性比较大,表示有依据或有前提的推测,仅比must的可能性小一点。意为“按说应该“
It is already 10 o’clock They should be
现在已经十点了。他们按说应该到了。
初中英语语法知识点总结(5)
(一) 感叹句
表示喜怒哀乐等强烈感情时用感叹句。感叹句分为两种,一种以what引导,一种以how引导。句尾用感叹号“!”。用降调。
What a clever boy he is!多么聪明的小男孩啊!
How clever the boy is!这小男孩多聪明啊!
what 引导的感叹句
句型:
(1)what + a/an +形容词+单数可数名词+陈述句(主语+谓语)
What a beautiful city it is! 这是一个多么美丽的城市啊!
What an interesting story she told! 她讲了一个多么有趣的故事啊!
(2)what+形容词+复数可数名词/不可数名词+陈述句(主语+谓语)
What expensive watches they are! 它们时多么昂贵的手表啊!
What terrible weather it is! 这是多么糟糕的天气啊!
how 引导的感叹句
句型:
(1)How+形容词/副词+陈述句(主语+谓语)
How hot it is today!今天天气多么热啊!
How hard he works! 他工作多么努力啊!
(2)How+陈述句(主语+谓语)
How he loves his son! 他多爱他的儿子啊!
(3)How+形容词+a/an+单数可数名词+陈述句(主语+谓语)
How tall a tree it is! 这是一棵多么高的树啊!
上述两种感叹句可以互相转换。
What a clever boy he is!→How clever the boy is!
What a hot day it is today!→How hot it is today!
【注意】what和how引导的两种感叹句,在口语中常用简略式,即省略后一部分(陈述句部分)如:
How cold!多冷啊!
What heavy traffic!交通多挤啊!
比较:感叹句和特殊疑问句
感叹句:How busy you are!(陈述句语序)你多么忙啊!
疑问句:How busy are you?(疑问句语序)你有多忙?
这两种句子的根本区别在于:感叹句后面是陈述句语序,而疑问句的语序要颠倒。
(二) 祈使句
祈使句表示请求、命令、建议等等。谓语动词一律用原形。句子中通常不用主语,句末用惊叹号或者句号,用降调。
肯定的祈使句
句型:动词原形do+(省略主语)
Be careful!小心!
Stand 起立。
有时,为了加强语气,可以在动词之前加do
Do sit 务必请坐。
Do study 一定要努力学习。
否定的祈使句
句型:Don't +动词原形 do
Don't swim in the 别在河里游泳。
Don't be 别迟到。Please don't be
请不要大声喧哗。
用客气的语气表示祈使句时,可在句首或句尾加上please,但如果在句尾加please,那在please之前一定要加一个逗号“,”。
Go this way, 请这边走。
祈使句中如果有唤语,一定要用逗号“,”隔开,放在句首或句尾。
Li Ming,come 李明,过来。
Come here,Li 过来,李明。
【注意】
(1)表示禁止时,尤其是标语等也可用“No+动名词”来表示。
No 禁止吸烟。
No 禁止停车。
(2)Let's包括对方,Let us不包括对方。反意疑问句时最明显。
Let's go,shall we?咱们去吧,怎么样?
Let us go,will you?让我们去吧,行吗?(征求对方的意见)
回答Let's do sth的反意疑问句句型时,肯定时用Yes,let'否定时用NO,let's
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