雅思英语阅读（汇集19篇）

雅思英语阅读（1）

想要提高做题速度，跳读和略读是必备技能。

略读是寻找关键信息的方法，比如找到题干中的关键信息(例如，时间，人名或者地名)，然后在文章中迅速找到对应的位置，这种方法在定位题干所对应原文信息时非常实用。

跳读是选择性地读，把握文章的重点信息，这种方法可以用来做雅思阅读主旨题。

以上是为大家整理的雅思阅读提升技巧，要想在阅读上拿高分，不仅要从根本上打好词汇和语法基础，更要把握一些做题技巧提升做题速度。

雅思英语阅读（2）

阅读的关键是词汇量。单词量不够的话，读书就变成了一件痛大于快乐的事情了。

一般来说，剔除a,an,the,on,at这种小词，雅思阅读考试的词汇量要求大约在7000-8000左右，在雅思阅读训练上，由于备考时间和考试时间都有限，这就需要我们掌握一些考试技巧，以求阅读可以短期突破。阅读材料选择上还是沿用剑桥雅思真题系列，对于每一篇文章，在阅读时要做到心中有数，即认真读每一段的首句，这往往是文章的主旨句，告诉读者这一段在写什么。

然后每读一段都要在心里知道这一段的主要内容是什么，逐段逐段的阅读，注意关键词(如转折词，专有名词等)然后读完一篇文章就应该在心里知道这篇文章的架构是怎么样的，再去做题，定位文章，答题。平常在训练的时候，可以把文章的架构都写下来，且把题目的类型进行分类，如MATCH题，T or F题，图表题等。

当第一轮按每篇文章做题这种竖向的练习完成以后，我们开始进行第二轮的横向比较练习，即按题型来分类练习，比如把所有剑桥雅思真题系列里的MATCH题进行比较，分析每类文章中的哪一方面是最容易出MATCH题，如此类推，分析所有的题型。

当这两轮完成后，寻找一些雅思阅读的练习题，开始掐时间，练pace，因为在考场上，阅读的时间是最不容易控制的，很容易在一道题目上花费过多时间，以至于最后的题目做不完或者盲选。

雅思英语阅读（3）

人工智能艺术家

电脑真的能创造艺术作品吗?

The Painting Fool is one of a growing number of computer programs which, so their makers claim, possess creative Classical music by an artificial composer has had audiences enraptured, and even tricked them into believing a human was behind the Artworks painted by a robot have sold for thousands of dollars and been hung in prestigious And software has been built which creates art that could not have been imagined by the

“绘画愚人”是数目正在逐渐增加的——按照它们的创造者所宣称的——拥有创作才华的电脑程序之一。由人工智能作曲家所创作的古典音乐曾经令观众听得入神，甚至让他们误以为这首乐曲是人类的杰作。由机器人绘画的艺术作品曾经卖出过数千美元的价格并挂在声明卓著的画廊中展览。还有一些这样的软件，它们创作出来的艺术品是其编程者事先根本不曾想象过的。

Human beings are the only species to perform sophisticated creative acts If we can break this process down into computer code, where does that leave human creativity? ‘This is a question at the very core of humanity,’ says Geraint Wiggins, a computational creativity researcher at Goldsmiths, University of ‘It scares a lot of They are worried that it is taking something special away from what it means to be ’

人类是唯一能够常规性地完成复杂艺术创作行为的物种。如果我们可以将这个过程分解成为电脑编码，那把人类创造力置于何地呢?“这是一个关乎人性最核心的问题”，伦敦大学金史密斯学院的一位计算机创造力研究学者Geraint Wiggins 这样说。“它让许多人感到恐惧，他们担忧这会从人类中剥夺某些特殊的本属于人类的东西。”

To some extent, we are all familiar with computerised The question is: where does the work of the artist stop and the creativity of the computer begin? Consider one of the oldest machine artists, Aaron, a robot that has had paintings exhibited in London’s Tate Modern and the San Francisco Museum of Modern Aaron can pick up a paintbrush and paint on canvas on its Impressive perhaps, but it is still little more than a tool to realise the programmer’s own creative

在某种程度上，我们对电脑创作的艺术都很熟悉。问题在于：艺术家的工作是在何处停止，而电脑的创造力又是从哪里开始的呢?想想最老的机器艺术家之一：Aaron，这个机器人创作的绘画作品展览在伦敦泰特现代美术馆和旧金山现代艺术博物馆里。Aaron可以拿起一支画笔，自己在画布上作画。也许确实令人惊叹，但它也仍然无非就是一台用来实现编程者自己创意理念的机器罢了。

Simon Colton, the designer of the Painting Fool, is keen to make sure his creation doesn’t attract the same Unlike earlier ‘artists’ such as Aaron, the Painting Fool only needs minimal direction and can come up with its own concepts by going online for The software runs its own web searches and trawls through social media It is now beginning to display a kind of imagination too, creating pictures from One of its original works is a series of fuzzy landscapes, depicting trees and While some might say they have a mechanical look, Colton argues that such reactions arise from people’s double standards towards software-produced and human-produced After all, he says, consider that the Painting Fool painted the landscapes without referring to a ‘If a child painted a new scene from its head, you’d say it has a certain level of imagination,’ he points The same should be true of a ’ Software bugs can also lead to unexpected Some of the Painting Fool’s paintings of a chair came out in black and white, thanks to a technical This gives the work an eerie, ghostlike Human artists like the renowned Ellsworth Kelly are lauded for limiting their colour palette - so why should computers be any different?

“绘画愚人”的设计者Simon Colton 非常热切地想要确保他的产品不会引来同样的批评。不像Aaron这样的早期艺术家，“绘画愚人”只需要极少量的指令，就能通过上网搜索材料而产生自己的创作理念。这个软件启动其自身的网页搜索功能，浏览各个社交媒体页面。它现在也开始展示出了某种想象力，能从草稿中创造出完整的画作。它的原创作品之一是一系列朦胧风景画，描绘的是树木与天空。虽然有些人也许会说这些画作有一种机械感，Colton却反驳说，这样的反应是出于人们对待软件创作和人类创作的艺术的双重标准。毕竟，他这样说，要考虑到“绘画愚人”是在没有参照一张照片的情况下画出了这些风景。“如果一个孩子从自己的头脑中描绘出一副新的景象，你就会说这个孩子有一定的想象力水平的”，他说，“放在一台机器上也应当一样。”软件漏洞也有可能会造成意想不到的效果。“绘画愚人”描绘一把椅子的一些由于技术故障作品成了黑白色。这赋予了画作一种怪诞、诡异的感觉。有一些如Ellsworth Kelly般著名的人类艺术家因为非常克制地运用自己调色板上的色彩而广受传颂——那么放在电脑身上为什么就应当有所不同呢?

Researchers like Colton don’t believe it is right to measure machine creativity directly to that of humans who ‘have had millennia to develop our skills’. Others, though, are fascinated by the prospect that a computer might create something as original and subtle as our best So far, only one has come Composer David Cope invented a program called Experiments in Musical Intelligence, or Not only did EMI create compositions in Cope’s style, but also that of the most revered classical composers, including Bach, Chopin and Audiences were moved to tears, and EMI even fooled classical music experts into thinking they were hearing genuine Not everyone was impressed Some, such as Wiggins, have blasted Cope’s work as pseudoscience, and condemned him for his deliberately vague explanation of how the software Meanwhile, Douglas Hofstadter of Indiana University said EMI created replicas which still rely completely on the original artist’s creative When audiences found out the truth they were often outraged with Cope, and one music lover even tried to punch Amid such controversy, Cope destroyed EMI’s vital

像Colton这样的研究者们并不赞成将机器创造力直接与人类创造力相提并论互相比较，因为“人类已经有几千年的时光来发展我们的技巧了”。另一些人则着迷于这样的前景：一台电脑也许能跟我们最好的艺术家相媲美，创作出同样富有创意而精巧的作品。到目前为止，只有一个接近了这个目标。作曲家David Cope发明了一个程序，称作“音乐智能实验”，简称EMI。EMI不仅创作出了Cope风格的乐曲，而且还仿制出了最受尊崇的古典音乐作曲家们的作品，包括巴赫、肖邦和莫扎特。观众感动得泪流满面，EMI甚至还骗过了古典音乐方面的专家，让他们以为自己听到的是真正的巴赫作品。然而并非所有人都对此表示了惊叹。有一些人，例如Wiggins，就猛烈抨击Cope 的这项创造为伪科学，还谴责他对这个程序到底如何运行的解释刻意含糊不清。与此同时，印第安纳大学的Douglas Hofstadter认为，EMI创作的这些复制品仍然要完全依赖于原创艺术家的创作灵感。在观众们发现了真相以后，他们对Cope 感到异常愤怒，有一位乐迷甚至想要打他。在这样的一片争议声中，Cope销毁了EMI的关键数据库。

But why did so many people love the music, yet recoil when they discovered how it was composed? A study by computer scientist David Moffat of Glasgow Caledonian University provides a He asked both expert musicians and non-experts to assess six The participants weren’t told beforehand whether the tunes were composed by humans or computers, but were asked to guess, and then rate how much they liked each People who thought the composer was a computer tended to dislike the piece more than those who believed it was This was true even among the experts, who might have been expected to be more objective in their

但是为什么会有这么多人热爱那些音乐本身，在发现了它是如何被创作出来之后却退缩了呢?格拉斯哥卡利多尼亚大学的计算机科学家David Moffat进行的一项研究提供了一条线索。他让专业音乐家和非专业人士同时去评估六首乐曲。这些参与者并没有被事先告知这些乐曲究竟是由人类还是电脑所创作的，但是被要求去进行猜测，然后给出自己对每一首曲子喜好程度的评价。那些认为创作者是电脑的人们通常会比那些认为其创作者是人类的听众更不喜欢这支乐曲。即使是在专家们之中情况也是如此，但人们其实最开始是认为专家的分析评估会更加客观的。

Where does this prejudice come from? Paul Bloom of Yale University has a suggestion: he reckons part of the pleasure we get from art stems from the creative process behind the This can give it an ‘irresistible essence’, says Meanwhile, experiments by Justin Kruger of New York University have shown that people’s enjoyment of an artwork increases if they think more time and effort was needed to create Similarly, Colton thinks that when people experience art, they wonder what the artist might have been thinking or what the artist is trying to tell It seems obvious, therefore, that with computers producing art, this speculation is cut short - there’s nothing to But as technology becomes increasingly complex, finding those greater depths in computer art could become This is precisely why Colton asks the Painting Fool to tap into online social networks for its inspiration: hopefully this way it will choose themes that will already be meaningful to

这种偏见到底来自哪儿?耶鲁大学的Paul Bloom提出了一个见解：他认为我们从艺术中得到的愉悦有一部分来自于作品背后的创作过程。这能为它赋予一种“不可抗拒的精髓感”，Bloom说。与此同时，纽约大学的Justin Kruger 所进行的实验也显示：人们如果认为创作某件艺术品需要更多的时间和精力，就会更加欣赏它。类似地，Colton 认为当人们去体验艺术时，他们会不禁去好奇艺术家当时正在想什么，或者艺术家正在试图向他们表达什么。因此，这一点似乎就很明显了：当创作艺术的是电脑时，这种遐思就被打断了——因为没有什么可探索的。但是随着技术变得越来越复杂，在电脑的艺术创作中找到那些意义深邃之处可以逐渐成为可能。正是因此，Colton才会指示“绘画愚人”去搜索各社交媒体网页来获取灵感：希望通过这种方式，它将会选取那些对我们来说已经具有意义的主题。

雅思英语阅读（4）

首先，先明确一下雅思阅读考试的几个特点。

雅思阅读文章多取自权威报刊杂志，偏学术性的说明文或议论文，最大特点是客(ku)观(zao)，题材丰富，而且不需要专业背景，因为内容不出现考点，仅在语言层面出题，使得考试更加公正。另一方面，文章长度较长，3篇文章阅读量较大，其中还要快速思考做题，所以阅读时间很紧。另外，3篇文章顺序并非按难度划分，每篇文章给的题目顺序也非按难度顺序排。因此，切记不可卡在一道题上过长时间，或者由于第一篇文章过难而对整个考试失去信心。

下面着重分享一下雅思阅读技巧。

有人说雅思阅读需要大量单词量，其实不然，只要掌握常用的四六级词汇就行。尤其对于某些话题的文章，其中比较专业性的名词是你不可能见过的也不用明白意思的，但是，文章中一些重要动词和连词对理解起着举足轻重的作用，因此，适当扩展一些常用动词、连词是必要的，短时间内应该去分类记忆高频词汇。而且，鉴于整个雅思考试，包括阅读都是在考察同义替换，所以看见一个生词，不仅要记住它，还要记住它的近义反义词，达到事半功倍的效果。

第二点是大多数人关心的速度问题，我想这也是我介绍的重点。不谦虚的说，我的阅读和做题能力在同龄人中算快的，阅读考试只要45分钟就能做完。如何做到呢?首先，拿到一篇陌生文章时，先看题，众所周知，题目顺序是根据文章顺序来的，这样带着问题看更有针对性，同时节省时间。如果上来就通读，很可能什么也记不住，做题时也得再看一遍。浏览文章时，有意的去识别和精读观点句，略读细节信息，能节省很多时间。同时，不妨尝试平行阅读法，说白了，就是结合几个题型一起去做，这样可以避免来回重新定位。同时我一般习惯用软件练习，之前看到别人推荐羊驼雅思我就用了这个。雅思阅读题大致分为三种，主旨题，细节题，判断正误题。先说最好做的细节题，我可以保证，细节题的答案全都能在文中找出，填空类的基本都是照抄，但这就要求我们找答案时又快又准。怎么做呢?首先要大致看看答案位于文章哪个部分，这可通过题目顺序或大致对文章的印象判断，运气好的话用题目中比较明显的词辅助，结合查读的方式定位到和题目意思相近的句子，从中找到所缺的词语或细节信息，选出答案。多快的速度算合适呢?反正要一目好几行，这并不难，只要方法正确去练习，是没有问题的。

再来说主旨题，我一般用答案筛选法，比如读完第一段，看看给的选项，筛选出合适的，如此反复。有人说通过段落第一句和最后一句，甚至靠段落中出现的词汇来选答案，我说，这种方法碰到简单的很有效，一但碰到陷阱，很可能一分都拿不到。纠结的时候，使用反推法，如果这个选项正确，这个段落会讲什么，一般都会奏效。实在不行，就看选项中的词在哪个自然段出现了，当然这也有一定冒险性，有时候两个自然段都有，有时候只是其中的一个细节。平时做完题之后，再去精读这种题型所在的文章，分析出段落构造是总分还是转折型，还是平行的段落，需要自己去提炼主要观点。主旨题备考时千万不要吝啬时间，这个过程可以锻炼快速阅读、长难句分析，而且掌握后很好拿分，因此要多做练习。

再来说最头疼的判断正误题，考生不好掌握。但它也有技巧，我想大多数考生都分不清NO和NG的区别，那么这里有一个方法。把选项单拿出来，脑子默默翻译一遍中文，然后再对照原文，翻译一遍原文，如果方向完全相反，或者是矛盾的，那就是NO了，什么意思呢?就是把选项否定后就是原文的意思，而不可能让人理解成别的意思。比如说原文说TOM出国是为了留学，选项说TOM出国是为了旅游，那么把选项否定就是TOM出国不是为了旅游，那么此题是NO。再比如原文没提TOM出国去做什么的事，选项说TOM出国是为了旅游，这就是NG，因为否定选项后从文章里并不能得到答案。

最后说一下平常练习安排，要在短期内提高必须大量刷题，推荐剑桥真题4-12，还有雅思阅读真经5，这个是按题型分类设计的。雅思1-3时间过于久远，不推荐。后期冲刺练习时就要严格限制在1小时内，千万不要做题时查字典。

希望以上分享对大家有所帮助，最后祝所有烤鸭早日屠鸭成功。

雅思英语阅读（5）

skimming在牛津词典当中的解释是：“read quickly, noting only the chief points”在韦氏词典里的的解释是 “to read, study, or examine superficially and rapidly;especially ： to glance through (as a book) for the chief ideas or the plot”

从这里我们不难看出,scanning主要是用来抓住文章的主要要点的(chief points),尤其是在韦氏词典里的解释,它让我们彻底地弄清了这一方法的具体含义“找一篇文章的主要论点或是文章的高潮”.实际上,这就是一种整体阅读的方法.

据此,我们便可以在阅读的过程当中使用这种方法来找寻文章的主旨大意.说的具体点,也就是通过抓住每一自然段的中心论点或中心句来判断一篇文章的大意.而对于记叙文来说,每段的中心句是比较不好找的,那么大家在阅读的时候就应该抓住故事发展的线索以及故事的起因、经过和结果.

那么大家在阅读的时候一定要注意,不管后面的题目里有没有考查主旨大意或要求选最佳标题,我们都必须通过抓住每段的中心意思从而掌握整篇文章的大意和中心思想——因为文章里的每个单词、每个句子、每个段落都是为这个中心服务的,无论是考查细节理解或是推断或作者态度,都离不开这个中心思想.

scanning在牛津词典当中的解释是“glace at quickly but not very thoroughly ”在韦氏词典当中的解释是：“ to glance from point to point of often hastily, casually, or in search of a particular item(scan the want ads looking for a job)”

家里有扫描仪的朋友可能知道scan的意思是“扫描”.其实“扫描”和两本字典里对于这种阅读方法的描述并不矛盾——为了寻找某一特定信息而大致地快速地浏览.

这种阅读方法尤其适合于广告类题目,因为广告类题目大部分的情况下都是信息对比题——大家先看题目,找出定位词,然后再到文章里找相关信息,最后进行对比;这个过程其实就是scanning,换句话说,我们没有必要把一则广告从头到尾地、逐字逐句地阅读,只要找准定位词,快速地在文章内“扫描”出定位词,问题也就迎刃而解.

适合这种方法的不仅仅是广告题材中的信息对比题,很多考查细节理解类的题目也大多可以使用这种方法,如词义推测、数字计算等.当然,其他文体的阅读在使用这一方法的时候,千万不要忘了联系文章的主旨大意和作者的态度观点.

那么我建议大家在做题的时候按照以下步骤来：

第一步：看文章后题目,分析定位词,并用笔标出以加深印象

第二步：阅读文章.从头到尾把文章通读一遍,注意每段的中心句或中心思想,留心题目当中标出的信息;但是阅读的中途不要停顿下来去考虑单词、词组或句子的意思,不管懂还是不懂,一律跳过.

第三步：先做细节题,注意对比题目和文章当中相应信息在表述方式上的不同,要特别注意两者在用词上的区别——考的往往就是这个词!

第四步：在作完细节题并对于文章内容有了更深理解的基础之上完成主旨大意题,最佳标题题.

个别考生如果阅读速度快的话,可以再检查一遍.

雅思英语阅读（6）

雅思阅读的题型一直是考生比较关注的问题，分析认为主要有以下两个原因： 有相对简单和相对费时的题型;每个考生都有自己擅长的和较害怕的题型。具体来说：对于词汇不足的考生可能最害怕段落标题匹配题及摘要归纳填空题;对于词汇量较大的考生来说，是非无判断题，段落标题匹配题和摘要归纳填空题可能是比较简单的。选择题和其它匹配题是相对来说比较费时的，所以大部分考生都很害怕这类题型。

对于实力相当的考生来说，题型就可能成为了直接影响考生成绩的重要因素。一般情况下，每次考试的题型覆盖面还是较广的，就是说基本上几大主流题型可能都有出现。少数情况也可能让考生比较头晕的，如20XX年8月9号的那场考试，3篇共出了7组题，其中就有5组其它匹配题，其余两组一个是段落标题匹配题，另一个是选择题，所以这场考试就很难;而08年8月16号，就出现了3组是非无判断题，很多考生都觉得这场考试较简单。

那么，面对上面所提到的这些情况，考生应该在题型方面怎样备考呢?

首先，考试大雅思网校名师认为考生必须从心理上准备迎接所有的题型，在备考中要尽可能喜欢所有题型。有的考生会一次次地祈祷：“希望这次考试不要有选择题或段落细节信息定位题!”这样做，其实是无形中给自己制造了负面的影响。考试题型不是我们所能预料和控制的，一旦有了上述心理，很有可能一看到题型就慌了，一开始就没有一个好的状态。还有一部份考生喜欢跟着考题回忆和机经走，看到上次考了什么题就在备考中只关注那些题型。考题回忆和机经可以看看，但只能做参考，考生千万不要被它们所左右。否则就是自己给自己制造障碍。

其次，考生必须对各类题型的题型特点和答题注意事项了如指掌。雅思阅读考试时间之短，文章之学术性，题量之大，题型之多等特点决定了考生势必会感觉时间不够。考生要在有限的时间内答完所有的题并尽可能地保证较高的正确率确实不是一件容易的事情。考生除了要有一定的词汇量和阅读速度之外，常见的雅思阅读技巧和解题策略是必须的。而解题策略很多时候是建立在考生熟悉题型特点的基础之上的。比如说，考生拿到一篇文章绝不是从第1题接到13题，而是应该分析各组题型的特点和难易，由易到难。同样，考生也可以根据3篇各自的题型来初步判断哪一篇的题型可能对自己比较有利，那篇可能较难，以便能灵活地采取合适的策略。

雅思英语阅读（7）

雅思的词汇量大致在7000左右，着重考察的是大家对于英语的实际运用能力。想要提升雅思阅读成绩词汇是必过关卡。

据雅思官方统计，雅思7分考生的平均词汇量在7500-8000之间，分平均词汇量在7000-7500之间，分的平均词汇量在6500-7000。

雅思考试的各个项目中，阅读版块涉及的词汇量最广，只有打好词汇基础才能提升做题速度和做题的正确率。

雅思英语阅读（8）

[daɪˈvɜːsɪti]

差异(性);不同(点)

[ɪkˈsepʃn]

不包括在内的人(或物);例外

[ɪkˈsepʃənl]

杰出的;优秀的

[flʌks]

连续的改变;不稳定的状态

[grʌdʒ]

怨恨某事物;勉强做某事或给某事物

[ˌhɒməˈdʒiːniəs]

由同类部分组成的

[ɪnˈtegrəti]

诚实而正直

[ɪnˈtelɪdʒənt]

聪明的;有才智的;有头脑的

[ˈmɪtɪgeɪt]

() 减轻;缓和

[ˌmɒdɪfɪˈkeɪʃn]

修改;改进

[ˈɔːkɪstrə]

交响乐团

[prəʊb]

探究;详尽调查

盘问;探究

[prəˈdɪdʒəs]

巨大的;伟大的

[ˌprɒdʌkˈtɪvəti]

生产率;生产效率

[rɪˈstrɪkʃn]

限制;限定

[rɪˈtɑːd]

减缓;减慢

[stɪf]

不易弯曲、打褶、移动、变形等的;坚硬的;僵直的

[ˈstaɪfəl]

扼杀;阻止

[ˈstimjʊləs]

使生物体产生反应之物;刺激物

[ˈstɪpjʊleɪt]

()讲明，规定(某要求)

[streɪn]

劳损;扭伤;压力;困境;紧张

[ˈtræŋkwɪl]

安静的

[trænˈsend]

超出或超越(经验、信念、力量或描绘等的)范围

[ˌʌnˈwaɪnd]

放松;轻松

[ˌʌnˈjiːldɪŋ]

坚定的;固执的

[ˌɜːbənaɪˈzeiʃn]

(AmE urbanization)都市化，文雅化

[əˈreɪ]

展示;显示;一系列

[ˈærəgənt]

傲慢的;自大的

[ˈɑːtɪfækt]

人工制品(尤指有考古价值的工具或武器)

[braʊz]

浏览，翻阅

雅思英语阅读（9）

before long 不久以后

behind schedule 误点

bent on 下定决心做…

beside point 离题的,不相干的

beyond one's ability超越某人的能力

beyond question 毫无疑问

book on reserve 须留的图书

booked up 订完了

bound for开往

break down抛锚

break though突破

break up with和某人分手be through with / be finished with

bring about 使…发生

bring someone up to date帮某人赶上help someone catch up

by accident 偶然

by air 通过航空途径

by all means 尽一切办法,务必

by and by 不久,迟早

by chance 偶然,碰巧

by far 最,得多

by hand 用手,用体力

by itself 自动地,独自地

by means of 用,依靠

by mistake 错误地,无意地

by no means 决不,并没有

by oneself 单独地,独自地

by reason of 由于

by the way 顺便说说

by virtue of 借助,由于

by way of 经由,通过方法

call off取消

call on号召,邀请,点某人的名,拜访

capable of能够

careful of/about/with小心,注意

certain of /about确信,肯定

chair a meeting 主持会议

charge with 控告

clear of没有,不接触

clever at善于

close to接近,亲近

come in contact with 与…取得联系

come out of alive大难不死

come up (with)提出,拿出

comparable to/with比作/比较

conscious of察觉到,意识到

consequent on随之而来

considerate towards体谅,体贴

contemporary with与同时代

content with满足于

contrary to违反

cost someone an arm and a leg代价很大

count down倒计时

count one's chickens before they are hatched过于乐观

count on依靠

count on依靠

count the day期待

count the day期待

counter to与相反

crazy about热衷,着迷

critical of挑剔,批评

cry in one's beer借酒消愁

cry on one's shoulder依靠

curious about好奇,想知道

cut down on 减少

cut down削减

cut in插入

cut off切断

cut out切除

cut someone short打断

cut through抄近路

cut up切碎

die out 灭绝

distinct from种类(风格)不同

do the laundry洗衣服

doubtful of /about怀疑

drop by / in 顺路拜访

due to 由于,因为

each other 互相

easier said than done说起来容易做起来难

east of在东面

equal to相等,胜任

equivalent to等于,相当于

essential to/for必不可少

even if/though 即使,虽然

ever so 非常,极其

every now and then 时而,偶尔

every other 每隔一个的

except for 除了外

expert at/in/on善于

face to face 面对面地

faculty members 教职员工

faithful to忠实于

fall flat 平躺在地上

familiar to sb为所熟悉

familiar with sth熟悉,通晓

far from 远非,远离

fatal to致命的

favorable to支持,赞成

fearful of惧怕

feel at home熟悉

雅思英语阅读（10）

由于考试紧张或不知道说什么，小伙伴们很容易一句话翻来覆去的说，这会让考官觉得这个考生口语表达不简洁，表达能力欠佳。同样一句话翻来覆去说，如果用不同的句式、词汇、组词则会产生完全不同效果，比如对于“ 今天天气如何” 的下面两种回答同样的意思，不同表达方式，哪一个分数更高呢?

A答：the weather is good, really really good;

B答：the weather is fine, much better than I expected, you known ,it has been raining for a while and I really enjoy today’s

雅思英语阅读（11）

阅读的关键是词汇量。单词量不够的话，读书就变成了一件痛大于快乐的事情了。

一般来说，剔除a,an,the,on,at这种小词，雅思阅读考试的词汇量要求大约在7000-8000左右，在雅思阅读训练上，由于备考时间和考试时间都有限，这就需要我们掌握一些考试技巧，以求阅读可以短期突破。阅读材料选择上还是沿用剑桥雅思真题系列，对于每一篇文章，在阅读时要做到心中有数，即认真读每一段的首句，这往往是文章的主旨句，告诉读者这一段在写什么。

然后每读一段都要在心里知道这一段的主要内容是什么，逐段逐段的阅读，注意关键词(如转折词，专有名词等)然后读完一篇文章就应该在心里知道这篇文章的架构是怎么样的，再去做题，定位文章，答题。平常在训练的时候，可以把文章的架构都写下来，且把题目的类型进行分类，如MATCH题，T or F题，图表题等。

当第一轮按每篇文章做题这种竖向的练习完成以后，我们开始进行第二轮的横向比较练习，即按题型来分类练习，比如把所有剑桥雅思真题系列里的MATCH题进行比较，分析每类文章中的哪一方面是最容易出MATCH题，如此类推，分析所有的题型。

当这两轮完成后，寻找一些雅思阅读的练习题，开始掐时间，练pace，因为在考场上，阅读的时间是最不容易控制的，很容易在一道题目上花费过多时间，以至于最后的题目做不完或者盲选。

雅思英语阅读（12）

中国烤鸭们最怕也是最困难的写作考试，这也一直是制约着大家拿高分的主要因素之一。

写作的能力从来都不是一蹴而就的，是台上一分钟，台下十年功，想要写作出色，必须要下苦功夫，且需要不断积累。

写作能力的提高，需要多读和多写，而运用到雅思写作上，则是多分析多模仿。仍然使用剑桥雅思真题集为例，先自己读一遍题目，写下自己的main point，然后再看雅思作文范文，看自己遗漏了哪些重要的点。

雅思范文是官方的写作，其表达方式和文章架构是考官喜欢的方式，所以好好研究范文对于写作的思路、方向和表达有非常大的作用。

对于小作文，要熟悉或背诵不同表达方式，比如对比、分类等;对于大作文，平常可以多收集一些topic来练习，如果有条件，最好请英文水平高的朋友帮助修改一下，这样可以知道自己在哪些方面还存在着不足，以便下次提高。

雅思是一次考试，在备考的过程中，对于听说读写能力在实际应用中的提高都是非常显著的，不管将来是否出国，英语作为一门语言的应用，在你实际的生活中都将得到发挥。

不论当初是什么原因让你加入了烤鸭的队伍，请认真度过这段痛并快乐的备考时光，因为这将是仅此一次提升自身英语能力的好机会。

雅思英语阅读（13）

rock climbing 攀岩

help someone out 帮助某人解决难题

argue over 为 争论

run wild 失控, (价)暴涨

overseas student 留学生

cross-country race 越野跑

have an effect on 有影响

packing list 装箱单

relieve stress 减轻压力

parallel to 与 平行, 平行于

transport system 传输系统 运输系统 运输体系

be attached to 喜爱,依恋,附属于

be permanently damaged 遭到永久性的破坏

abject poverty 赤贫 一贫如洗

social mores 社会习俗

a sort of 一种

lead to 导致

the construction industry 建筑行业

inch along 极为缓慢地行进

snap up 抢购

raw material 原材料，素材

be keen on 渴望(喜爱,爱好)

break the mould 打破程式，打破常规模式

sprout up 涌现

aim to 目的在于，旨在, 志在

out of temper 发脾气,生气

natural resources 自然资源

economic recession 经济萎缩, 经济衰退

public events 在公共场所举行的活动

entry visa 入境签证

be prepared to 准备做

suggestion box 意见箱,建议箱

feel inhibited 感到很拘束的

feel out of place (对某个场合)感觉很不适应

commit a crime 犯罪

make a fortune 发财, 赚钱

work schedule

graduation ceremony 毕业典礼

come true 实现 变成现实,成真

letter of recommendation 推荐书 保荐书 介绍书

in addition 另外,此外

a series of 一系列, 一连串

buy out 买下的全部股份

convince someone of 使确信

look forward to 展望(期待)

football hooligans 足球流氓

on display 公开展出

look through 看穿, 审核, 浏览, 温习, 从中显露, 彻底审查

inspire to 激励使产生

go on strike 罢工，举行罢工

provide with 供给，供应，以 装备

punch line 点睛之笔

set aside 撇开(不顾, 取消, 放弃, 保留)

a home from home 像家一样温暖的地方

notice board 布告栏

talk through 导演

it is an inescapable fact that 是一个无法回避的事实

trade barriers 贸易壁垒

local resident 当地居民

to sum up 总而言之，总之

prevent from 阻止，防止，使不

hybrid car 双动力汽车

culture shock 文化冲击, 文化震惊

birds of prey 猛禽，肉食鸟类

open admission 大学免试入学制

in that case 假使那样(在那时候)

breeze through 轻易地通过(轻快地进行)

not only but also 不仅 而且

government spending 政府开支

the underlying cause of something is 某现象的深层原因是……

be concerned about 关心，挂念

queue up 排队

end up 结束,告终

get through 结束(做完, 通过, 到达)

every walk of life 各行各业

bring out 使出现(出版,初次参加社交活动)，推出

take into consideration 考虑到，顾及，体谅

a bunch of 很多

fitness center 健身中心

at the intersection 在十字路口

雅思英语阅读（14）

说到阅读，很多人的关注点都在词汇以及怎么提升阅读能力上。

不可否认，阅读一定是需要单词积累和阅读基本能力的，全是生词或者根本读不懂，很难去做题。但是，不能把全部的重点和精力放在单词和怎么提升阅读上，要知道词汇是背不完的，永远都会有生词出现，只要不影响理解整体的意思，出现一些生词或者长难句是很正常的。

而且，最重要、最根本的，阅读考察的是在文章中提取关键信息的能力，也就是题目中的信息，要在文章找到对应的信息，然后才能答题。因此，就出现了题主所谓的定位问题。

那么到底应该怎么定位呢?

记得以前看考满分公开课中，有几点让我印象深刻，这里分享给大家。

首先，一般来说，定位词大致可以分为三种：

特殊词汇

其中包括：首字母大写的信息，数字，时间，与人相关的信息(身份、职业)，学科等

注：如果此类定位词和主题相关，一般每段都重复，则无任何实际作用;如果定位词只在局部的1~2段重复，仍然要做出答案位置的标志。具有描述性的名词、抽象概念的名词，由动词或者形容词延伸出的名词往往变化性也较大，但在定位时不要舍弃。

限定+名词

限定和名词的组合其实相当于一个具象的“名词”，一般情况下在文章中能找到这样的类似组合或者概念的表达，因此方便定位。

但是有时候限定+名词组合在文中会出现上义到下义的改写现象，这个时候需要善于根据这个特点去联想定位。

新鲜词汇和绝对生词

这一类别定位词的判定需要大家对于文章话题和结构有一定的把握，比如说一篇文章的话题是考古，但是题目中出现了一个词叫garret阁楼，这个词相对于主题就比较新鲜，一般都能定位到。再如剑5第一篇文章summary题目最后出现了一个词king也相对主题(词典编撰)有点新鲜，因此可以定位到。对于绝对生词，因人而异，这里不建议词汇量特别小的学员将此类作为定位词，词汇量小，任何核心词汇高频词汇都有可能是生词，定位起来很麻烦。

小总结：在定位的时候，要浏览所有题目中的定位词，然后简单的判断哪些定位词最易找到，先找出最易找的定位词做出对应的题目，然后再做再结合这种题型的特点，很快能搞定其他定位词和所有题。这样的一个过程没有一个步骤很浪费的，因此可以提高做题效率。

雅思英语阅读（15）

首先，先明确一下雅思阅读考试的几个特点。

雅思阅读文章多取自权威报刊杂志，偏学术性的说明文或议论文，最大特点是客(ku)观(zao)，题材丰富，而且不需要专业背景，因为内容不出现考点，仅在语言层面出题，使得考试更加公正。另一方面，文章长度较长，3篇文章阅读量较大，其中还要快速思考做题，所以阅读时间很紧。另外，3篇文章顺序并非按难度划分，每篇文章给的题目顺序也非按难度顺序排。因此，切记不可卡在一道题上过长时间，或者由于第一篇文章过难而对整个考试失去信心。

下面着重分享一下雅思阅读技巧。

有人说雅思阅读需要大量单词量，其实不然，只要掌握常用的四六级词汇就行。尤其对于某些话题的文章，其中比较专业性的名词是你不可能见过的也不用明白意思的，但是，文章中一些重要动词和连词对理解起着举足轻重的作用，因此，适当扩展一些常用动词、连词是必要的，短时间内应该去分类记忆高频词汇。而且，鉴于整个雅思考试，包括阅读都是在考察同义替换，所以看见一个生词，不仅要记住它，还要记住它的近义反义词，达到事半功倍的效果。

第二点是大多数人关心的速度问题，我想这也是我介绍的重点。不谦虚的说，我的阅读和做题能力在同龄人中算快的，阅读考试只要45分钟就能做完。如何做到呢?首先，拿到一篇陌生文章时，先看题，众所周知，题目顺序是根据文章顺序来的，这样带着问题看更有针对性，同时节省时间。如果上来就通读，很可能什么也记不住，做题时也得再看一遍。浏览文章时，有意的去识别和精读观点句，略读细节信息，能节省很多时间。同时，不妨尝试平行阅读法，说白了，就是结合几个题型一起去做，这样可以避免来回重新定位。同时我一般习惯用软件练习，之前看到别人推荐羊驼雅思我就用了这个。雅思阅读题大致分为三种，主旨题，细节题，判断正误题。先说最好做的细节题，我可以保证，细节题的答案全都能在文中找出，填空类的基本都是照抄，但这就要求我们找答案时又快又准。怎么做呢?首先要大致看看答案位于文章哪个部分，这可通过题目顺序或大致对文章的印象判断，运气好的话用题目中比较明显的词辅助，结合查读的方式定位到和题目意思相近的句子，从中找到所缺的词语或细节信息，选出答案。多快的速度算合适呢?反正要一目好几行，这并不难，只要方法正确去练习，是没有问题的。

再来说主旨题，我一般用答案筛选法，比如读完第一段，看看给的选项，筛选出合适的，如此反复。有人说通过段落第一句和最后一句，甚至靠段落中出现的词汇来选答案，我说，这种方法碰到简单的很有效，一但碰到陷阱，很可能一分都拿不到。纠结的时候，使用反推法，如果这个选项正确，这个段落会讲什么，一般都会奏效。实在不行，就看选项中的词在哪个自然段出现了，当然这也有一定冒险性，有时候两个自然段都有，有时候只是其中的一个细节。平时做完题之后，再去精读这种题型所在的文章，分析出段落构造是总分还是转折型，还是平行的段落，需要自己去提炼主要观点。主旨题备考时千万不要吝啬时间，这个过程可以锻炼快速阅读、长难句分析，而且掌握后很好拿分，因此要多做练习。

再来说最头疼的判断正误题，考生不好掌握。但它也有技巧，我想大多数考生都分不清NO和NG的区别，那么这里有一个方法。把选项单拿出来，脑子默默翻译一遍中文，然后再对照原文，翻译一遍原文，如果方向完全相反，或者是矛盾的，那就是NO了，什么意思呢?就是把选项否定后就是原文的意思，而不可能让人理解成别的意思。比如说原文说TOM出国是为了留学，选项说TOM出国是为了旅游，那么把选项否定就是TOM出国不是为了旅游，那么此题是NO。再比如原文没提TOM出国去做什么的事，选项说TOM出国是为了旅游，这就是NG，因为否定选项后从文章里并不能得到答案。

最后说一下平常练习安排，要在短期内提高必须大量刷题，推荐剑桥真题4-12，还有雅思阅读真经5，这个是按题型分类设计的。雅思1-3时间过于久远，不推荐。后期冲刺练习时就要严格限制在1小时内，千万不要做题时查字典。

希望以上分享对大家有所帮助，最后祝所有烤鸭早日屠鸭成功。

雅思英语阅读（16）

案例研究：新西兰旅游网站

Case Study: Tourism New Zealand website

New Zealand is a small country of four million inhabitants, a long-haul flight from all the major tourist-generating markets of the Tourism currently makes up 9% of the country’s gross domestic product, and is the country’s largest export Unlike other export sectors, which make products and then sell them overseas, tourism brings its customers to New The product is the country itself - the people, the places and the In 1999, Tourism New Zealand launched a campaign to communicate a new brand position to the The campaign focused on New Zealand’s scenic beauty, exhilarating outdoor activities and authentic Maori culture, and it made New Zealand one of the strongest national brands in the

新西兰是一个有着400万居民的小国家，离世界上所有的大型游客聚集市场都需要经历一场长途航班。旅游业目前占这个国家国民生产总值的百分之九，是其最大的出口行业。与其他行业不同的是，其他行业是要制作产品再将其销售到海外，而旅游业会将顾客带到新西兰来。产品就是这个国家本身——其人民、地点和身处其中的体验。在1999年，新西兰旅游局向全世界推出了一场大型宣传活动，营造出一个全新的品牌地位。这场宣传集中展示了新西兰优美的风景、激动人心的户外项目和本土真正的的毛利文化，它将新西兰塑造成世界上最强有力的国家品牌之一。

A key feature of the campaign was the website , which provided potential visitors to New Zealand with a single gateway to everything the destination had to The heart of the website was a database of tourism services operators, both those based in New Zealand and those based abroad which offered tourism services to the Any tourism-related business could be listed by filling in a simple This meant that even the smallest bed and breakfast address or specialist activity provider could gain a web presence with access to an audience of long-haul In addition, because participating businesses were able to update the details they gave on a regular basis, the information provided remained And to maintain and improve standards, Tourism New Zealand organised a scheme whereby organisations appearing on the website underwent an independent evaluation against a set of agreed national standards of As part of this, the effect of each business on the environment was

这场宣传活动中的一个关键特色就是“新西兰旅游”这个网站，它为未来有可能前往新西兰的游客提供了一个入口，在这里可以找到新西兰所能提供的一切。此网站的核心内容在于一个由各路旅游服务经营者信息所组成的数据库，其中既有位于新西兰本土的商家，也有驻扎海外的提供前往此国旅游服务的公司。任何与旅游相关的经营者都可以通过填写一张简单的表格而获准加入。这就意味着：即使是最小型的住宿地和早餐店或特色活动的提供者都能在此网站上获得一席之地，从而接触到所有打算远道而来的游客。此外，由于参与的商家可以定期更新自己放上去的各种信息，网站的信息就能始终保持准确。并且为了维持并提高水准，新西兰旅游局还安排了一个这样的方案：展示在网站上的所有商家都要按照一套通过决议的国家质量标准来接受一场独立评估。其中，每个企业对于环境产生的影响都要受到考量。

To communicate the New Zealand experience, the site also carried features relating to famous people and One of the most popular was an interview with former New Zealand All Blacks rugby captain Tana Another feature that attracted a lot of attention was an interactive journey through a number of the locations chosen for blockbuster films which had made use of New Zealand’s stunning scenery as a As the site developed, additional features were added to help independent travellers devise their own customised To make it easier to plan motoring holidays, the site catalogued the most popular driving routes in the country, highlighting different routes according to the season and indicating distances and

为了充分传播这场经历，该网站还有一些与名人和知名地点有关的特色介绍。其中最受欢迎的内容之一是对新西兰全黑橄榄球队前队长Tana Umaga的采访。另外一个吸引了大量关注的特色是一场互动式旅程，穿过一些将新西兰令人目瞪口呆的风景选做背景的电影大片中曾经出现过的地点。随着网站的发展，又有一些额外特色被加进来来帮助自助型游客通过这个规划属于自己的特色行程。为了帮助用户更简单规划自驾行假期，网站还根据季节变化分类整理出了这个国家最受欢迎的多条驾车路线，并且标注了距离和时间。

Later, a Travel Planner feature was added, which allowed visitors to click and ‘bookmark’ places or attractions they were interested in, and then view the results on a The Travel Planner offered suggested routes and public transport options between the chosen There were also links to accommodation in the By registering with the website, users could save their Travel Plan and return to it later, or print it out to take on the The website also had a ‘Your Words’ section where anyone could submit a blog of their New Zealand travels for possible inclusion on the

后来，又增加了一项“旅行规划者”特色，网站访问者可以点击他们感兴趣的地点或景点，并标注书签，然后在地图上查看结果。“旅行规划者”会提供往来于各个选定地点之间的推荐路线和公共交通方式选择。同时还有查看当地住宿信息的链接。通过网站注册，用户就可以保存他们的旅行计划，之后返回查看，或者把计划打印出来随身携带。网站上还有一个“你的语言”的版块，任何人都可以提交自己有关新西兰旅游的博客记录，这些游记内容将有可能展示在网站页面上。

The Tourism New Zealand website won two Webby awards for online achievement and More importantly perhaps, the growth of tourism to New Zealand was Overall tourism expenditure increased by an average of % per year between 1999 and From Britain, visits to New Zealand grew at an average annual rate of 13% between 20XX and 20XX, compared to a rate of 4% overall for British visits

新西兰旅游局的这个网站因其线上成就和创新赢得了两次威比奖。也许更重要的是：新西兰旅游业的增长是令人印象深刻的。总体旅游支出在1999到20XX年期间平均每年增长%，在20XX年到20XX年之间，从英国前往新西兰的旅客增长率是13%，而英国的总体海外旅游增长率只有百分之四。

The website was set up to allow both individuals and travel organisations to create itineraries and travel packages to suit their own needs and On the website, visitors can search for activities not solely by geographical location, but also by the particular nature of the This is important as research shows that activities are the key driver of visitor satisfaction, contributing 74% to visitor satisfaction, while transport and accommodation account for the remaining 26%. The more activities that visitors undertake, the more satisfied they will It has also been found that visitors enjoy cultural activities most when they are interactive, such as visiting a marae (meeting ground) to learn about traditional Maori Many long-haul travellers enjoy such learning experiences, which provide them with stories to take home to their friends and In addition, it appears that visitors to New Zealand don’t want to be ‘one of the crowd’ and find activities that involve only a few people more special and

这个网站成立的目的是为了让个人和旅游机构都能根据这个创建出适合他们自身需求和兴趣的行程以及旅游套餐。在网站，访问者并非仅仅能够根据地理位置为线索来搜寻各个活动，还可以通过活动的特定属性来查找。这一点是很重要的，因为研究显示：活动项目是游客满意度的关键驱动因素，为总体游客满意度贡献了百分之七十四的比例，而交通和住宿一起才占了余下的百分之二十六。游客参与的活动越多，他们就会越对自己的旅行感到满意。同时研究发现：游客最享受的文化活动是那些有互动性质的，例如参观一处毛利会堂来了解传统的毛利人生活。许多远道而来的游客都非常享受这样的学习经历，这样他们就有故事可以带回去与朋友和家人分享。此外，来到新西兰的游客们好像都不想成为大众中人群中的一个，而是觉得那些只有少数几个人参与的活动更为特别和有意义。

It could be argued that New Zealand is not a typical New Zealand is a small country with a visitor economy composed mainly of small It is generally perceived as a safe English-speaking country with a reliable transport Because of the long-haul flight, most visitors stay for longer (average 20 days) and want to see as much of the country as possible on what is often seen as a once-in-a-lifetime However, the underlying lessons apply anywhere - the effectiveness of a strong brand, a strategy based on unique experiences and a comprehensive and user-friendly

可能有争议说新西兰并不算一个典型的旅游目的地。它是一个小国家，游客经济主要由小型商家组成。它被大众普遍视为一个安全的讲英语的国家，有着可靠的交通基础设施。由于要进行长途飞行，大部分游客都会在此地待比较久(平均为20天)并想要尽可能地到处多看看这个国家，因为他们通常将此看作是“一生只来一次的旅行”。然而，新西兰的旅游业兴旺发展背后的经验却可以应用到任何地方——一个强大的品牌效应，基于独有经历的策略，和一个全面而并且关注用户的网站。

雅思英语阅读（17）

人工智能艺术家

电脑真的能创造艺术作品吗?

The Painting Fool is one of a growing number of computer programs which, so their makers claim, possess creative Classical music by an artificial composer has had audiences enraptured, and even tricked them into believing a human was behind the Artworks painted by a robot have sold for thousands of dollars and been hung in prestigious And software has been built which creates art that could not have been imagined by the

“绘画愚人”是数目正在逐渐增加的——按照它们的创造者所宣称的——拥有创作才华的电脑程序之一。由人工智能作曲家所创作的古典音乐曾经令观众听得入神，甚至让他们误以为这首乐曲是人类的杰作。由机器人绘画的艺术作品曾经卖出过数千美元的价格并挂在声明卓著的画廊中展览。还有一些这样的软件，它们创作出来的艺术品是其编程者事先根本不曾想象过的。

Human beings are the only species to perform sophisticated creative acts If we can break this process down into computer code, where does that leave human creativity? ‘This is a question at the very core of humanity,’ says Geraint Wiggins, a computational creativity researcher at Goldsmiths, University of ‘It scares a lot of They are worried that it is taking something special away from what it means to be ’

人类是唯一能够常规性地完成复杂艺术创作行为的物种。如果我们可以将这个过程分解成为电脑编码，那把人类创造力置于何地呢?“这是一个关乎人性最核心的问题”，伦敦大学金史密斯学院的一位计算机创造力研究学者Geraint Wiggins 这样说。“它让许多人感到恐惧，他们担忧这会从人类中剥夺某些特殊的本属于人类的东西。”

To some extent, we are all familiar with computerised The question is: where does the work of the artist stop and the creativity of the computer begin? Consider one of the oldest machine artists, Aaron, a robot that has had paintings exhibited in London’s Tate Modern and the San Francisco Museum of Modern Aaron can pick up a paintbrush and paint on canvas on its Impressive perhaps, but it is still little more than a tool to realise the programmer’s own creative

在某种程度上，我们对电脑创作的艺术都很熟悉。问题在于：艺术家的工作是在何处停止，而电脑的创造力又是从哪里开始的呢?想想最老的机器艺术家之一：Aaron，这个机器人创作的绘画作品展览在伦敦泰特现代美术馆和旧金山现代艺术博物馆里。Aaron可以拿起一支画笔，自己在画布上作画。也许确实令人惊叹，但它也仍然无非就是一台用来实现编程者自己创意理念的机器罢了。

Simon Colton, the designer of the Painting Fool, is keen to make sure his creation doesn’t attract the same Unlike earlier ‘artists’ such as Aaron, the Painting Fool only needs minimal direction and can come up with its own concepts by going online for The software runs its own web searches and trawls through social media It is now beginning to display a kind of imagination too, creating pictures from One of its original works is a series of fuzzy landscapes, depicting trees and While some might say they have a mechanical look, Colton argues that such reactions arise from people’s double standards towards software-produced and human-produced After all, he says, consider that the Painting Fool painted the landscapes without referring to a ‘If a child painted a new scene from its head, you’d say it has a certain level of imagination,’ he points The same should be true of a ’ Software bugs can also lead to unexpected Some of the Painting Fool’s paintings of a chair came out in black and white, thanks to a technical This gives the work an eerie, ghostlike Human artists like the renowned Ellsworth Kelly are lauded for limiting their colour palette - so why should computers be any different?

“绘画愚人”的设计者Simon Colton 非常热切地想要确保他的产品不会引来同样的批评。不像Aaron这样的早期艺术家，“绘画愚人”只需要极少量的指令，就能通过上网搜索材料而产生自己的创作理念。这个软件启动其自身的网页搜索功能，浏览各个社交媒体页面。它现在也开始展示出了某种想象力，能从草稿中创造出完整的画作。它的原创作品之一是一系列朦胧风景画，描绘的是树木与天空。虽然有些人也许会说这些画作有一种机械感，Colton却反驳说，这样的反应是出于人们对待软件创作和人类创作的艺术的双重标准。毕竟，他这样说，要考虑到“绘画愚人”是在没有参照一张照片的情况下画出了这些风景。“如果一个孩子从自己的头脑中描绘出一副新的景象，你就会说这个孩子有一定的想象力水平的”，他说，“放在一台机器上也应当一样。”软件漏洞也有可能会造成意想不到的效果。“绘画愚人”描绘一把椅子的一些由于技术故障作品成了黑白色。这赋予了画作一种怪诞、诡异的感觉。有一些如Ellsworth Kelly般著名的人类艺术家因为非常克制地运用自己调色板上的色彩而广受传颂——那么放在电脑身上为什么就应当有所不同呢?

Researchers like Colton don’t believe it is right to measure machine creativity directly to that of humans who ‘have had millennia to develop our skills’. Others, though, are fascinated by the prospect that a computer might create something as original and subtle as our best So far, only one has come Composer David Cope invented a program called Experiments in Musical Intelligence, or Not only did EMI create compositions in Cope’s style, but also that of the most revered classical composers, including Bach, Chopin and Audiences were moved to tears, and EMI even fooled classical music experts into thinking they were hearing genuine Not everyone was impressed Some, such as Wiggins, have blasted Cope’s work as pseudoscience, and condemned him for his deliberately vague explanation of how the software Meanwhile, Douglas Hofstadter of Indiana University said EMI created replicas which still rely completely on the original artist’s creative When audiences found out the truth they were often outraged with Cope, and one music lover even tried to punch Amid such controversy, Cope destroyed EMI’s vital

像Colton这样的研究者们并不赞成将机器创造力直接与人类创造力相提并论互相比较，因为“人类已经有几千年的时光来发展我们的技巧了”。另一些人则着迷于这样的前景：一台电脑也许能跟我们最好的艺术家相媲美，创作出同样富有创意而精巧的作品。到目前为止，只有一个接近了这个目标。作曲家David Cope发明了一个程序，称作“音乐智能实验”，简称EMI。EMI不仅创作出了Cope风格的乐曲，而且还仿制出了最受尊崇的古典音乐作曲家们的作品，包括巴赫、肖邦和莫扎特。观众感动得泪流满面，EMI甚至还骗过了古典音乐方面的专家，让他们以为自己听到的是真正的巴赫作品。然而并非所有人都对此表示了惊叹。有一些人，例如Wiggins，就猛烈抨击Cope 的这项创造为伪科学，还谴责他对这个程序到底如何运行的解释刻意含糊不清。与此同时，印第安纳大学的Douglas Hofstadter认为，EMI创作的这些复制品仍然要完全依赖于原创艺术家的创作灵感。在观众们发现了真相以后，他们对Cope 感到异常愤怒，有一位乐迷甚至想要打他。在这样的一片争议声中，Cope销毁了EMI的关键数据库。

But why did so many people love the music, yet recoil when they discovered how it was composed? A study by computer scientist David Moffat of Glasgow Caledonian University provides a He asked both expert musicians and non-experts to assess six The participants weren’t told beforehand whether the tunes were composed by humans or computers, but were asked to guess, and then rate how much they liked each People who thought the composer was a computer tended to dislike the piece more than those who believed it was This was true even among the experts, who might have been expected to be more objective in their

但是为什么会有这么多人热爱那些音乐本身，在发现了它是如何被创作出来之后却退缩了呢?格拉斯哥卡利多尼亚大学的计算机科学家David Moffat进行的一项研究提供了一条线索。他让专业音乐家和非专业人士同时去评估六首乐曲。这些参与者并没有被事先告知这些乐曲究竟是由人类还是电脑所创作的，但是被要求去进行猜测，然后给出自己对每一首曲子喜好程度的评价。那些认为创作者是电脑的人们通常会比那些认为其创作者是人类的听众更不喜欢这支乐曲。即使是在专家们之中情况也是如此，但人们其实最开始是认为专家的分析评估会更加客观的。

Where does this prejudice come from? Paul Bloom of Yale University has a suggestion: he reckons part of the pleasure we get from art stems from the creative process behind the This can give it an ‘irresistible essence’, says Meanwhile, experiments by Justin Kruger of New York University have shown that people’s enjoyment of an artwork increases if they think more time and effort was needed to create Similarly, Colton thinks that when people experience art, they wonder what the artist might have been thinking or what the artist is trying to tell It seems obvious, therefore, that with computers producing art, this speculation is cut short - there’s nothing to But as technology becomes increasingly complex, finding those greater depths in computer art could become This is precisely why Colton asks the Painting Fool to tap into online social networks for its inspiration: hopefully this way it will choose themes that will already be meaningful to

这种偏见到底来自哪儿?耶鲁大学的Paul Bloom提出了一个见解：他认为我们从艺术中得到的愉悦有一部分来自于作品背后的创作过程。这能为它赋予一种“不可抗拒的精髓感”，Bloom说。与此同时，纽约大学的Justin Kruger 所进行的实验也显示：人们如果认为创作某件艺术品需要更多的时间和精力，就会更加欣赏它。类似地，Colton 认为当人们去体验艺术时，他们会不禁去好奇艺术家当时正在想什么，或者艺术家正在试图向他们表达什么。因此，这一点似乎就很明显了：当创作艺术的是电脑时，这种遐思就被打断了——因为没有什么可探索的。但是随着技术变得越来越复杂，在电脑的艺术创作中找到那些意义深邃之处可以逐渐成为可能。正是因此，Colton才会指示“绘画愚人”去搜索各社交媒体网页来获取灵感：希望通过这种方式，它将会选取那些对我们来说已经具有意义的主题。

雅思英语阅读（18）

Talc Powder

A Peter Brigg discovers how talc from Luzenac's Trimouns in France find its way into food and agricultural products - from chewing gum to olive High in the French Pyrenees, some 1,700m above sea level, lies Trimouns, a huge deposit of hydrated magnesium silicate - talc to you and Talc from Trimouns, and from ten other Luzenac mines across the globe, is used in the manufacture of a vast array of everyday products extending from paper, paint and plaster to cosmetics, plastics and car And of course there is always talc's best known end use: talcum powder for babies1 But the true versat ility of this remarkable mineral is nowhere better displayed than in its sometimes surprising use in certain niche markets in the food and agriculture

B Take, for example, the chewing gum Every year, Talc de Luzenac France - which owns and operates the Trimouns mine and is a member of the international Luzenac Group ( art of Rio Tinto minerals ) supplies about 6,000 tones of talc to chewing gum manufacturers in "We've been selling to this sector of the market since the 1960s," says Laurent Fournier, sales manager in Luzenac's Specialties business unit in "Admittedly, in terms of our total annual sales of talc, the amount we supply to chewing gum manufacturers is relatively small, but we see it as a valuable niche market: one where customers place a premium on securing supplies from a reliable, high quality Because of this, long term allegiance to a proven suppler is very much a feature of this sector of die talc " Switching sources - in the way that you might choose to buy, say, paperclips from Supplier A rather than from Supplier B - is not an easy option for chewing gum " Fournier "The cost of reformulating is high, so when customers are using a talc grade that works, even if it's expensive, they are understandably reluctant to "

C But how is talc actually used in the manufacture of chewing gum? Patrick Delord, an engineer with a degre e in agronomics, who has been with Luzenac for 22 years and is now senior market development manager, Agriculture and Food, in Europe, explains that chewing gums has four main "The most important of them is the gum base," he "It's the gum base that puts the chew into chewing It binds all the ingredients together, creating a soft, smooth To this the manufacturer then adds sweeteners, softeners and Our talc is used as a filler in the gum The amount vanes between, say, ten and 35 per cent, depending on the type of Fruit flavoured chewing gum, for example, is slightly acidic and would react with the calcium carbonate that the manufacturer might otherwise use as a Talc, on the other hand, makes an ideal filler because it's non-reactive In the factory, talc is also used to dust the gum base pellets and to stop the chewing gum sticking during the lamination and packing process," Delord

D The chewing gum business is, however, just one example of talc's use in the food For the past 20 years or so, olive oil processors in Spain have been taking advantage of talc's unique characteristics to help them boost the amount of oil they extract from crushed olives According to Patrick Delord, talc is especially useful for treating what he calls "difficult" After the olives are harvested - preferably early in the morning because their taste is better if they are gathered in the cool of the day they are taken to the processing There they arc crushed and then stirred for 30-45 In the old days, the resulting paste was passed through an olive press but nowadays it's more common to add water and ( K-6IH ) the mixture to separate the water and oil from the solid matter The oil and water are then allowed to settle so that the olive oil layer can be ) and "Difficult" olives are those that are more reluctant than the norm to yield up their full oil This may be attributable to the particular species of olive, or to its water content and the time of year the olives arc collected - at the beginning and the end of the season their water content is often either too high or too These olives are easy to recognize because they produce a lot of extra foam during the stirring process, a consequence of an excess of a fine solid that acts as a natural The oil in this emulsion is lost when the water is disposed Not only that, if the waste water is disposed of directly into local fields - often the case in many smaller processing operations - the emulsified oil may take some time to biodegrade and so be harmful to the

E "If you add between a half and two percent of talc by weight during the stirring process, it absorbs the natural emulsifier in the olives and so boosts the amount of oil you can extract," says "In addition, talc's flat, 'platey' structure helps increase the size of the oil droplets liberated during stirring, which again improves the However, because talc is chemically inert, it doesn't affect the color, taste, appearance or composition of the resulting olive "

F If the use of talc in olive oil processing and in chewing gum is long established, new applications in the food and agriculture industries arc also constantly being sought by One such promising new market is fruit crop protection, being pioneered in the Just like people, fruit can get In fact, in very sunny regions up to 45 per cent of a typical crop can be affected by heat stress and sunburn However, in the case of fruit, it's not so much the ultra violet rays which harm the crop as the high surface temperature that the sun's rays

G To combat this, farmers normally use either chemicals or spray a continuous fine canopy of mist above the fruit frees or The trouble is, this uses a lot of water - normally a precious commodity in hot, sunny areas - and it is therefore What's more, the ground can quickly become "So our idea was to coat the fruit with talc to protect it from the sun," says Greg Hunter, a marketing specialist who has been with Luzenac for ten "But to do this, several technical challenges had first to be Talc is very hydrophobic: it doesn't like So in order to have a viable product we needed a wettable powder - something that would go readily into suspension so that it could be sprayed onto the It also had to break the surface tension of the cutin ( the natural waxy, waterproof layer on the fruit ) and of course it had to wash off easily when the fruit was No-one's going to want an apple that's covered in "

H Initial trials in the state of Washington in 20XX showed that when the product was sprayed onto Granny Smith apples, it reduced their surface temperature and lowered the incidence of sunburn by up to 60 per Today the new product, known as Invelop Maximum SPF, is in its second commercial year on the US Apple growers are the primary target although Hunter believes grape growers represent another sector with long term He is also hopeful of extending sales to overseas markets such as Australia, South America and southern

Question 27-32

Use the information in the passage to match each use of tale power with correct application from B or Write the appropriate letters A-C in boxes 27-32 on your answer

NB you may use any letter more than

Fruit protection

Chewing gum business

Olive oil extraction

27 Talc is used to increase the size of

28 Talc is applied to reduce

29 Talc is employed as a filler of

30 Talc is modified and prevented

31 Talc is added to stop

32 Talc is used to increase

Questions 33-38

Complete the following summary of the paragraphs of Reading Passage, using no more than two words from the Reading Passage for each Write your answers in boxes 33-38 on your answer

Spanish olive oil industry has been using talc in oil extraction process for It is useful in dealing with difficult olives which often produce high amount of____34____because of the high content of solid When smaller factories release____35____, it could be____36____to the environment because it is hard to____37____and usually lakes lime as it contains emulsified However, talc power added in the process is able to absorb the emulsifier It improves the oil extraction production, because with aid of talc powder, size of

Question 39-40

Answer the questions

Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each

Write your answers in boxes 39-40 on your answer

39 In which process is talc used to dear the stickiness of chewing gum?

40 Which group of farmers does Invelop intend to target in a long view?

文章题目：滑石粉

篇章结构

体裁论说文

题目滑石粉

结构(一句话概括每段大意) A 段：滑石粉的主要用途 B 段：滑石粉在口香糖市场中的用途 C 段： 滑石粉在口香糖制作中的原理 D 段： 滑石粉在其他食品中的应用 E 段：滑石粉在食品中的应用原理 F 段：滑石粉在水果保护中的应用 G 段：滑石粉对水果的保护作用原理 H 段： 水果保护作用的市场拓展

试题分析

Question 27-32

题目类型：搭配题

解题思路：可以先去定位A,B,C三个选项中内容所对应的文段，然后从27-32中的题干去搜寻相符合的，而不是一个一个题目去找，这样会比较节省时间

题号定位词文中对应点题目解析

27 Increase，size， E 段第三句话 根据文章大意将 C 选项个橄榄油提取的内容定位到 E 段，第三句话，提到滑石粉的结构有助于增加挥发油滴的体积，故可以判断 27 题与 C 相连

28 Foam D 段倒数第四句话 根据关键词定位到 D 段，原文中提到搅拌过程中会产生很多泡沫，后面提出因此要加上滑石粉来减少泡沫。

29 Base，fill C 段倒数第 8 行 根据关键词定位到 C 段原文 "our talc is used as a filler in the gum base"。故是关于口香糖行业的内容，选 B

30 Sun，fruit G 段第四句话 根据 sunburn 这个词可以定位到 G 段，第四句表明滑石粉可以起到保护水果免受日晒的作用，故选 A

31 Sticking C 段最后一句话 根据 statement 中的 "stickness" 这个词可以定位到 C 段结尾部分，原文说滑石粉可以防止口香糖在挤压过程中与包装粘在一起，所以跟 statement 表述的意思是一致的

32 boost，amount E 段第一句话 文章中提到可以 "boosts the amount of oil you can extract" 跟题干上表述一直

Question 33-38

题目类型：总结题

33 spanish olive oil D 段第二句话 根据 spanish olive oil 定位到 D 段，文章提到橄榄油制造利用滑石粉已经二十年。

34 High amount of 根据关键词定位到 D 段，原文中提到搅拌过程中会产生很多泡沫，后面提出因此要加上滑石粉来减少泡沫。所以填 "foam"

35 Factory D 段倒数第二句话 根据关键词定位到 D 段结尾，原文提到 "waste water"

36 Environment D 段最后一句话 根据关键词定位到 D 段结尾，文中提到这种乳化油分解对环境的影响是 "harmful" 的

37 同上 问 harmful 的原因。原文有明确提出，是由于 "hard to biodegrade"，难以生物降解

38 Size，increase 文章说到在橄榄油提取过程中，挥发的油滴体积会增加，"increase the size of the oil droplets"

Question 39-40

题目类型：问答题

39 Stickiness，chewing gun 题目中问到在哪一个过程中滑石粉是用于来减少口香糖粘度的，这个跟上面第 31 题比较近似，可以先定位到 C 段结尾，可看到文章中明确给出是 "during the lamination and packing process"

40 Invelop，long-term potential H 段倒数第二句 S 首先根据 "invelop" 定位到 H 段，题目问哪个组织的种植者是 invelop 打算长期去关注投资的，倒数第二句给出答案是 "grape grower"

参考答案：

Version 24109 主题 滑石粉

27 C 28 29 B

30 A 31 32

33 20 34 foam 35 waste water

36 harmful 37 biodegrade 38 droplets

39 Lamination and packing 40 Grape growers

雅思英语阅读（19）

1、留意字汇注解

有时候测验会对一些技术性或太深奥的字词会作出解释，千万不要漏看。另外，如果测验是参加Academic Module的话考生还会遇到很多大学程度或在大学才会用到的'字，这些字必须都认识和知道它们的意思。

2、留意数字

数字的位置是最容易找的，如问题有提及过，用寻找关键字的方法找答案。数字有时候也可用英语表达出来。

3、留意字数

如题目指示说明每个答案不能超过3个字，您可以假设至少有一个答案是需要用3个字来回答。千万不要写多过3个字。

4、注意图表

别忘记很多答案只能在图表内找得到。